 |
 |
 |
 |
|
 |
|
Features
Harry's Cosmeticology 9th Edition Volume 2
Part 4 Ingredients
Part 5 Anti-Aging
Part 4 Ingredients
Part 4.1.0
Ingredients
Editor's Introduction to the Ingredient Section
Editor of the Ingredients Section:
Chia Wen Chen
Executive Director of Basic ResearchBioActives
Este Lauder Companies
125 Pinelawn Road
Melville, NY 11747
Part 4.1.1
Surfactants: Thoughtful, Pro-Active Intervention
at the Interface of Multiphase Dispersed Systems
Author:
J. Mark Chandler
President of ACT Solutions Corp
Table of Contents
4.1.10 Surfactant Introduction
a. History
b. General Function
c. Use
d. Types
4.1.11 Functions
a. Emulsifying
b. Cleaning
c. Foaming
d. Solubilization
e. Conditioning
f. Dispersing
g. Lubricating
4.1.12 Applications: A look at some of the many
a. Creams and lotions
b. Shampoos
c. Skin cleansers
d. Conditioners
e. Color cosmetics
f. Antiperspirants
4.1.13 How Surfactants Work
a. Surface tension effects
b. Interfacial activity
c. Micelles
d. Aggregation structures
e. Charge effects
f. Foam generation
g. Foam stabilization
4.1.14 Surfactant Chemistry
a. Anionics
b. Nonionics
c. Amphoterics
d. Cationics
References
Part 4.1.2
Ingredients for Creating the Next Greatest Lipstick
Nick Morante
Nick Morante Cosmetic Consultants
Table of Contents:
4.1.2.1 Introduction
4.1.2.2 What attributes are we looking for in a lipstick?
4.1.2.3 Traditional ingredients used in creating a lipstick
4.1.2.4 Trendy and exotic ingredients for lipstick
4.1.2.5 Miscellaneous
References
Part 4.1.3
Hyaluronan (Hyaluronic Acid) A Natural Moisturizer Skin Care
Authors:
Dr. Daniela Smejkalova Nano-carrier Development Group
Dr. Gloria Huerta-Angeles Biopolymers Modification Group
Tereza Ehlova Hyaluronan Fragments Group
Contipro Pharma, Doln Dobrou 401, 561 02, Czech Republic
Table of Contents
4.1.3.1 Structure and selected physical-chemical properties of hyaluronan
4.1.3.2 Preparation of hyaluronan fragments, isolation and characterization thereof, characterization of degradation products of hyaluronan
4.1.3.3 Preparation of chemical derivatives of hyaluronan, characterization thereof
4.1.3.4 Hyaluronan penetration into the stratum corneum and into the skin
4.1.3.5 Moisturizing properties of native high-molecular hyaluronan and how the moisturizing properties change as the molecular weight is reduced
4.1.3.6 Cosmetic application for various molecular weights of hyaluronan
References
Glossary
Part 4.1.4.1
Ayurveda in personal care
Smitha Rao MS, MBA
Lonza
70 Tyler place South Plainfield NJ 07080
Table of Contents:
4.1.4.11 Background and folkloric use of Ayurvedic medicine
4.1.4.12 Ingredients appropriate for cosmetic/topical use
4.1.4.13 Conclusion
References
Table 1
Part 4.1.4.2
Probiotics in Topical Personal Healthcare: A New Understanding A Bright Future
Author:
Donald R. Owen, Ph.D., President
Owen Biosciences Inc.
7053 Revenue Dr.
Baton Rouge, LA 70809
Table of Contents
4.1.4.21 Introduction
4.1.4.22 Overview
4.1.4.23 Conclusion
References
Part 4.1.4.3
Green and sustainable ingredients from Biotransformation and biofermentation
Author:
Smitha Rao MS, MBA
Lonza
70 Tyler place South Plainfield NJ 07080
Table of Contents:
4.1.4.31 The rise of green and sustainable cosmetic ingredients from fermentation
4.1.4.32 The impact on environment
4.1.4.33 Activity in cosmetics
Conclusion
References
Part 4.1.5
Multi-Functional Botanicals for Topical Applications
Authors:
Anurag Pande, Ph.D.
Sabinsa Corporation
Dr. Muhammed Majeed
Sabinsa Corporation
Table of Contents
4.1.5.1 Introduction
4.1.5.2 Natural and naturally derived actives
4.1.5.3 Extraction techniques
4.1.5.4 Role of standardization
4.1.5.5 Multifunctional Botanicals
a. Saberry
b. Ellagic acid (from pomegranate)
c. Tetrahydrocurcuminoids (Turmeric extract)
d. Sabiwhite - 955 tetrahydrocurcumin extract
e. Cococin (Freeze-dried coconut water)
f. ForsLean (Coleus forskohlii rhizomes)
g. Cosmoperine (Piper nigrum fruits)
h. ARTONOX (Artocarpus lakoocha wood)
i. Eclipta alba (Bhringraja)
j. Ursolic acid (Salvia officinalis leaves)
k. Boswellin CG (Boswellia extract)
4.1.5.6 Sustainability of Botanicals
Conclusion
References
Part 4.1.6
Ingredients to Strengthen Skin Barrier Integrity:
From algal protective exoskeleton to a Protective Barrier for the Epidermis
Author:
Alexandra Jeanneau
Scientific communication officer, Alban Muller Group
Table of contents
4.1.6.1 Skin barrier and epidermis organization overview
a. Epidermis cell structures for skin resistance and cohesion
b. Cell structures depending on calcium
c. Calcium's information-signaling properties
4.1.6.2 Solution for alterations in epidermis
a. Epidermis structures responsible for epidermis resistance
b. Improving calcium bioavailability
4.1.6.3 A natural ingredient to strengthen skin barrier integrity inspired by an alga's primitive strategy
a. A primitive strategy involving calcium
b. An ingredient with a unique mode of action
c. Stimulation of calcium-depending cell structures
1. Cytokeratin synthesis
2. Desmosome formation
d. Restoring intercellular communication, a key factor of the epidermis functioning
e. Improving skin barrier integrity: a better protective shield against pollution
Conclusion
Glossary
References
Part 4.1.7.1
Antimicrobial Preservatives for the Cosmetic and Personal Care Industry
Author:
Daryl Paulson Ph.D.
President and Chief Executive Officer
BioScience Laboratories, Inc.
Table of Contents:
4.1.7.11 The use of Preservatives in Cosmetics, a brief history
4.1.7.12 Traditional Preservatives
4.1.7.13 Problems we face with the use of preservatives
Conclusion
References
Part 4.1.7.2
Antioxidants: Extending the Shelf Life of Your Products
Author:
Satish Nayak, Ph.D.
Kemin Industries,
2100 Maury Street, Des Moines, Iowa
Table of Contents:
4.1.7.21 Introduction
4.1.7.22 Oxidation
4.1.7.23 Antioxidants
4.1.7.24 Primary Antioxidants
4.1.7.25 Secondary Antioxidants
4.1.7.26 Antioxidant Assays
Conclusion
References
Part 4.2.1
Natural and Synthetic Polymers:
Designing Rheological Properties for Applications
Author:
Susan Freers
Grain Processing Corporation
Table of Contents:
4.2.1.1 Designing Rheological Behavior
4.2.1.2 Natural and Synthetic Polymers: Rheological Properties and Applications
4.2.1.3 Rheological additives used to obtain specific properties
4.2.1.4 Rheological additives for aqueous systems
4.2.1.5 Rheological additives for non-aqueous systems
References
Glossary
Part 4.2.2
Rheology Modifiers and Consumer Perception
Authors:
Lisa Gandolfi, Ph.D.
Clariant Corporation
Technical Manager, Consumer Care North America
625 East Catawba Avenue
Mount Holly, NC 28120 USA
Ramiro Galleguillos, Ph.D.
Lubrizol Advanced Materials Inc.
Senior Research Associate
9911 Brecksville Rd.
Brecksville, Ohio 44141 USA
Table of Contents:
4.2.2.1 Introduction
4.2.2.2 Rheological Parameters
a. Viscosity
b. Viscosity Measurement
c. Viscosity of polymeric rheology modifiers
d. Yield Stress
e. Viscoelasticity
4.2.2.3 Synthetic Polymeric Rheology Modifiers
a. Modified Sulfonic Acid (AMPS) Polymers
b. AMPS Polymers Rheological Properties
c. Polyacrylic Acid Polymers
d. Polyacrylic Acid Polymers Rheological Properties
e. Alkali Swellable Emulsion Polymers - ASE/HASE Polymers
f. Rheological Properties of ASE/HASE Polymers
4.2.2.4 Rheological Properties and the Consumer Experience
4.2.2.5 Polymeric Rheology Modifiers in Emulsion Formulations
a. Yield stress for emulsion stability
b. Relationship between rheological properties and the sensory experience
c. Speed of Breakdown
d. Spreadability
e. Pick-up and Cushion
f. Skin Afterfeel
g. Correlation of Rheological Measurements and Consumer Perception in Emulsion Formulations
4.2.2.6 Polymeric Rheology Modifiers in Hydroalcoholic Formulations
4.2.2.7 Polymeric Rheology Modifiers in Optical Effects Cleansing Formulations
Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
Part 4.2.3.1
Silicones in Personal Care Products:
Polydimethyl Siloxanes, Organosilicone Polymers, & Copolymers
Authors:
Anthony J. O'Lenick, Jr.
President
Siltech LLC
2170 Luke Edwards Rd
Dacula, Ga 30019
Thomas O'Lenick PhD
Technical Director
SurfaTech Corporation
1625 Lakes Parkway
Suite N
Lawrenceville Ga 30043
Meyer R. Rosen, FRSC, CPC, CChE, FAIC
President
Interactive Consulting. Inc
P.O. Bo 66
East Norwich, New York, 11732
Table of Contents:
Preface
4.2.3.11 Introduction
4.2.3.12 Solubility
4.2.3.13 Surface Tension
4.2.3.14 Silicone Nomenclature
a. Summary of Silicone Polymer Structure Types
4.2.3.15 Volatile Silicones
a. Cyclomethicone Replacements
b. Summary of Successful Replacements for Cyclomethicones
4.2.3.16 Silicone Fluids
a. Low-Viscosity Silicones
b. Standard-Viscosity Fluids
c. High-Viscosity Fluids
d. Ultra-High-Viscosity Fluids (Gums)
e. Summary of Silicone Polymer Behavior
4.2.3.17 Resins and Elastomers
a. Resin Types
b. MQ Resins
c. MDQ Resin
d. Silicone Crosspolymers
4.2.3.18 Dimethicone Copolyol (PEG/PPG Dimethicone)
a. Wetting Properties as a Function of Molecular Weight
b. Eye Irritation as a Function of Molecular Weight
c. Formulation Ingredient Interactions
d. Water Tolerance
e. Antiperspirant Release
f. Summary
4.2.3.19 Alkyl Dimethicone
a. Alkyl effects
b. Silicone-to-alkyl ratio effects
c. Example: Cetyl Dimethicone
d. Behenyl Dimethicone
4.2.3.20 Multi-Domain Alkyl Dimethicone
a. Syneresis Improvement with Multi-Domain Silicones
b. Summary
4.2.3.21 Alkyl Dimethicone Copolyol
4.2.3.22 Greening with Silicone
a. Summary
References
Part 4.2.3.2
Silicone Elastomer Applications
Author:
John Gormley
Director of Regulatory Affairs /QA
Grant Industries
103 Main Avenue
Elmwood Park, NJ 07407 USA
Table of Contents:
4.2.3.21 Silicone Elastomers for Improved Consumer Acceptance of a Product: Achieving the "WOW" effect
4.2.3.22 Cosmetic Attributes Texture and Oil Control (Mattifying)
4.2.3.23 Example Cosmetic Formulas with Silicone Elastomers
4.2.3.24 Summary
References
Part 4.2.4
Skin Whitener Ingredients
Author:
Herve Offredo, MSc in Microbiology, MBA in Management and Finance
Senior Vice President Sales and Marketing
Barnet Products
140 Sylvan Avenue
Englewood Cliffs, 07632 NJ
Table of Contents:
4.2.4.1 Historic Evolution of Whitening Products in Japan
4.2.4.2 What Is a Whitening Quasi-Drug?
4.2.4.3 What Are the Quasi-Drug Additives?
a. In the melanocytes
b. In the keratinocyte
c. In the nervesa new approach to the reduction of dark spots
d. For the corneocytes
Conclusion
References
Part 4.2.5
Marine Ingredients for Skin Care: An Ocean of Resources
Author:
Herve Offredo
MSc in Microbiology, MBA in Management and Finance
Senior Vice President Sales and Marketing
Barnet Products
140 Sylvan Avenue
Englewood Cliffs, 07632 NJ
Table of Contents:
4.2.5.1 Marine resources
a. What is an alga?
b. Plants from the shore
c. Other resources from marine origins
4.2.5.2 Examples of the use of macroalgae in cosmetics
a. Moisturization
b. Slimming
c. Fountain of youth
d. Oligosaccharides
4.2.5.3 Examples of the use of microalgae in cosmetics
a. Exopolysaccharides
b. Photolyase
c. Thioreduxine/thioreduxine reductase
4.2.5.4 Examples of the use of coastal plants in cosmetics
a. Retinol-like
b. The discovery of AQP 8
Conclusion
References
Part 4.2.6
Topical Reduction of Visible Skin Deterioration Due to Cellulite
Authors:
Peter T Pugliese, MD, 7139 Bernville Road, Bernville, PA 19506
Michael Q. Pugliese, LE, Circadia by Dr Pugliese 8371 Route 183 Bethel, PA 19507
Table of Contents:
4.2.6.1 A Possible Etiology for Cellulite
4.2.6.2 The Menstrual Cycle
4.2.6.3 The Matrix Metalloproteinases
4.2.6.4 The Menstrual Cycle, MMPs, and Ovulation
4.2.6.5 The MMPs and the Menstrual Cycle
4.2.6.6 The key step relating menses to the genesis of cellulite
4.2.6.7 Topical Therapy for Reversing the Appearance of Cellulite
a. Chysinan aromatase inhibitor
b. Chrysin
c. DIM, or Diindolymethane
4.2.6.8 Agents That Block MMPs
4.2.6.9 Mobilizing Adipose Tissue
4.2.6.10 Blocking Phosphodiesterase
4.2.6.11 Shuttling Fat into Mitochondria
4.2.6.12 Rebuilding Collagen
4.2.6.13 Collagen Stimulators
4.2.6.14 Clinical Studies
Conclusion
References
Part 4.3.1
Topical Retinoids
Author:
Aanand N. Geria, MD
Table of Contents:
4.3.1.1 Introduction
4.3.1.2 Pharmacology
4.3.1.3 Indications
a. Acne
b. Melasma and Post-Inflammatory Hyperpigmentation
c. Photo-Aging
4.3.1.4 Adverse Effects
References
Part 4.3.2
Peptides for Anti-Aging Skin Care
Author:
Howard Epstein, Ph.D.
EMD Chemicals
One International Plaza, Philadelphia, PA 19113
Table of Contents:
4.3.2.1 Peptides for Anti-Aging Skin Care
4.3.2.2 What is a peptide?
4.3.2.3 Skin Structure and Peptide Categories
4.3.2.4 Bioactive Peptides Marketed for Skin Care Products
Conclusion
References
Part 4.3.3
MicroRNAs in Skin Physiology
Authors:
Jean-Marie Botto (Ph.D.), Valre Busuttil (Ph.D.), Florian Labarrade (M.Sc.), Catherine Serre (M.Sc.), Laurine Bergeron (M.Sc.), Christophe Capallere (M.Sc.), and Nouha Domloge (M.D.)
Ashland Specialties France, Global Skin Research Center, Upstream Research, Sophia-Antipolis, France.
Table of Contents:
4.3.3.1 RNA interference and microRNAstimeline of the discoveries
a. Discovery of microRNAs
b. The concept of RNA interference
4.3.3.2 MicroRNAs - nomenclature, structure, function, mechanism of action
4.3.3.3 MicroRNAs regulate various aspects of human physiology and epigenetics
4.3.3.4 MicroRNAs and skin physiology
a. Introduction on skin
b. MicroRNAs and cutaneous biology
c. Epidermal renewal and skin barrier
d. MiR-203 is a master regulator of epidermal differentiation
e. P63, SOCS3, Zfp281, JUN, and ABL1 are the major mir-203 targets in the epidermis
f. Other microRNAs important in epidermal renewal
g. Skin pigmentation
h. Dermal physiology
i. MicroRNAs and the hypodermal adipocytes
j. Hair follicle morphogenesis
4.3.3.5 Interest of microRNAs in the evaluation in vitro of anti-aging dermo-cosmetic ingredients
a. Skin aging
b. MicroRNAs and cellular senescence
c. Tissue-engineering and microRNA studies
Conclusion
References
Glossary
Part 4.3.4
Amino Acids
Author:
Bruce W. Gesslein
Technical Manager, Specialty and Personal Care
Ajinomoto North America, Inc.
400 Kelby St, Fort Lee NJ 07024 USA
Table of Contents:
4.3.4.1 Overview of Amino Acids
a. Production
b. Properties
4.3.4.2 The Appearance of Aging of Skin and Hair
a. Skin
b. Wrinkling
c. Elasticity
d. Clarity
e. Hydration
f. UV Damage
4.3.4.3 Hair
a. Breakage
b. Dullness
c. Elasticity
d. Roughness
4.3.4.4 Formulation for Skin Care
a. Cleansers
b. Moisturizers
c. Serums
4.3.4.5 Hair Care
a. Shampoos
b. Conditioners
Conclusion
References
Glossary
Part 4.3.5
AHAs and Beyond: Anti-Aging Ingredients and Their
Benefits for All Layers of the Skin
Editor:
Ronni L. Weinkauf, Ph.D.
VP, Applied Research Hair, Skin, and Makeup
L'Oreal USA
111 Terminal Ave
Clark, NJ
Contributing Authors:
Peter Konish
Director of Sensory and Formulation Development
NeoStrata Company, Inc
307 College Road East
Princeton, NJ 08540
Stacy S. Hawkins, Ph.D.
Global Clinical Leader
Unilever Research and Development
50 Commerce Drive, Trumbull, CT 06615
Uma Santhanam, Ph.D.
Senior Manager, Cell Biology and In Vitro Toxicology
Avon Products, Inc.
One Avon Place
Suffern, NY 10901
Table of Contents:
4.3.5.1 Introduction
4.3.5.2 Alpha-Hydroxy Acids (AHAs)
4.3.5.3 Quantitative Clinical Benefits of AHAs
4.3.5.4 Cellular and Structural Changes Associated with AHAs
4.3.5.5 Polyhydroxy Acids (PHAs)
4.3.5.6 Bionic Acids (BAs)
4.3.5.7 Formulation Strategies for Maximizing Hydroxy Acid Performance
4.3.5.8 N-Acetylamino Sugars
4.3.5.9 N-Acetylamino Acids
Conclusion
References
Glossary
Part 4.3.6
Cytokines, Growth Factors, and Stem Cells: Newest Approaches to Younger Looking Skin
Authors:
Sarah A Malerich, BS, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, 5000 Lakewood Ranch Blvd, Bradenton, Florida, 34211
Nils Krueger, PhD, and Neil S. Sadick, Sadick Dermatology Research Group, 911 Park Avenue, Suite 1A, New York, New York, 10075
Table of Contents:
4.3.6.1 Aging
4.3.6.2 Growth Factors and Cytokines
4.3.6.3 Stem Cells
Conclusion
References
Part 4.3.7
Antioxidants in Cosmetics for Anti-Aging
Author:
Ratan K. Chaudhuri
Sytheon Ltd.,
Boonton, New Jersey
Table of Contents:
4.3.7.1 Background
4.3.7.2 Causes of UV-Induced Chemical and Biochemical Changes in Skin
4.3.7.3 Antioxidants in the Defense System of the Skin
4.3.7.4 Consequences of UV-Induced Chemical and Biochemical Changes in Skin
4.3.7.5 Use of Conventional and Nonconventional Antioxidants for Skin Protection and Reversal of Signs of Aging
a. Conventional Antioxidants
b. Other Photoprotectants
Conclusion
References
Part 5 Anti-Aging
Part 5.0
Fundamentals of Skin Anti-Aging Overview
Editor:
Navin M. Geria, Chief Scientific Officer, AyurDerm Technologies LLC
Howard Epstein Ph.D., EMD Chemicals, Philadelphia, PA
Part 5.1
Theories of Aging
Skin Anti-Aging: At the Tipping Point
Navin M. Geria, Chief Scientific Officer, AyurDerm Technologies LLC
Table of Contents:
5.1.1 Theories of Aging
a. Wear and Tear Theory (Immunological Theory)
b. The Neuro-Endocrine Theory
c. The Genetic Control Theory
d. The Free Radical Theory
e. Mitochondrial Theory
f. Waste Accumulation Theory
g. Hayflick Limit Theory
h. Death Hormone Theory
i. Caloric Restriction Theory
j. The Cross-Linking Theory
k. The Telomerase Theory
l. Glycation Theory
m. Mutation Accumulation and DNA/RNA Damage
n.Deficient Immune System/Autoimmune Theory
o. Inflammation Theory
Conclusions
References
Part 5.2
The Cellular Water Principle
Author:
Howard Murad, MD
2121 Rosecrans Avenue, 5th Floor
El Segundo, CA 90245
Table of Contents:
Theories of Aging and Cellular Water
5.2.1 What is aging, from a physiological perspective?
5.2.2 Why do we age?
5.2.3 Water loss and membrane hypothesis of aging
5.2.4 The Science of Cellular Water
Conclusion
References
Part 5.3
Anti-Senescence: Achieving the Anti-Aging Effect by Managing Cellular Functions
Authors:
Shyam Gupta, Ph.D.
Bioderm Research
Linda Walker
CoValence, Inc.
Table of Contents:
5.3.1 Role of Cellular Senescence and Apoptosis in Skin Aging
5.3.2 Role of Enzyme Dysfunction in Skin Aging
a. Oxidative Stress and Free Radicals
b. Peroxisomes
c. Immunosenescence
d. Advanced Glycation End Products (Ages)
e. Proteasomes in Cellular Anti-Senescence
f. Mitochondrial Free Radical Theory of Aging (Mfrta)
5.3.3 Anhydrobiosis and Skin Aging
5.3.4 Osmoprotection, Cellular Anti-Senescence, and Skin Anti-Aging
a. Hyperosmarity, Inflammation, and Cellular Senescence
b. Chemical Basis of Hyperosmarity
5.3.5 New Peptide Derivatives for Anti-Senescence and Skin Anti-Aging
a. Chemical Discovery
b. Formulation Methodology
5.3.6 Consumer Perception and Marketing of Enzyme Biology-Based Skin Care Products
References
Part 5.4
Glycation, Proteasome Activation, and Telomere Maintenance
Author:
Karl Lintner, PhD
President of Kal'idees S.A.S.
Table of Contents:
5.4.1 Glycation
a. Measurement of AGEs
b. Prevention and/or Reversal of Glycation/Glycoxidation
c. In vitro data
d. Ex vivo data on explants
e. In vivo studies
f. Conclusion
5.4.2 The Proteasome
a. Introduction
b. Cosmetic approach to proteasome activity
c. The study of the LC3-II protein
d. Caveat
5.4.3 Telomeres
a. Introduction
b. Telomere length and aging
c. Senescence
d. Cosmetic ideas on telomere maintenance
Conclusion
References
Part 5.5
Sirtuins and Skin
Authors:
Edward Pelle, Este Lauder Research Laboratories; Melville, New York
Nadine Pernodet, Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine
Table of Contents
5.5.1 Introduction to sirtuins
5.5.2 Organelle-specific biochemistry of sirtuins
5.5.3 Sirtuin response to environmental changes
5.5.4 Application of sirtuins to anti-aging skin care
References
Glossary
Part 5.6
Epigenetics of Skin Aging
Author:
Rebecca James Gadberry
Senior Instructor & Program Coordinator,
Cosmetic Sciences, UCLA Extension
Consultant, Skin Care Strategy, Brand & Product Development
Table of Contents:
5.6.1 The Human Genome Project Gives Birth To The Epigenetic Revolution
5.6.2 Epigenetics Defined
5.6.3 Two Primary Epigenetic Mechanisms
1. DNA methylation
2. Chromatin remodeling and histone modification
5.6.4 Epigenetic Links To Aging
5.6.5 Epigenetics And Aging Skin
5.6.6 Epigenetics Mechanisms In DNA Damage and Repair
5.6.7 Cosmetic Ingredients As Epigenetic Modifiers
5.6.8 Nutriepigenetics: How Diet Alters the Epigenome
5.6.9 Epigenetics: The Unifying Theory Of Aging?
5.6.10 What the Future Holds
References
Glossary
List of Figures
Part 5.7
Chronobiology of the Skin
Skin Circadian Rhythm and Clock Genes:
A New Approach to Slowing Down the Aging Process
Authors:
Nadine Pernodet, Ph.D. Vice President of Skin Biology Research
Edward Pelle, Ph.D. Director, Skin Biology Research
Este Lauder Research Laboratories
Melville, NY, US
Table of Contents:
5.7.1 Introduction to Circadian Rhythm and Clock Genes
5.7.2 Desynchronization: Causes and Impact
5.7.3 Skin Circadian Rhythm
References
Part 5.8
Stress, Sleep and Epigenetic Orthodontics:
New Directions for Non-Surgical Skin Anti-Aging
Author:
Dr. Barry Chase DDS
Table of Contents:
Stress, Sleep and Epigenetic Orthodontics:
New Directions for Non- Surgical Skin Anti-Aging
5.8.1 Sleep, Sleep Deprivation, Sleep Disorders, and Skin Aging
a. Normal SleepSleep Stages and Sleep Cycles:
b. Sleep Latency
c. Sleep Stage N1
d. Sleep Stage N2
e. Sleep Stage N3
f. Rapid Eye Movement (REM) Sleep
g. Sleep Disorders, Chronic Stress, and the Impact on Aging and Skin
h. The Pathophysiology of Stressthe Hyper-Arousal of the Autonomic Nervous System
i. Sleep and Chronic Stress
j. Insomnia
k. Obstructive Sleep Apnea
5.8.12 Sleep, Aging, and Aging Skin
a. Sleep Quality and Sleep Deprivation
b. Circadian Rhythm
c. Sleep, Human Growth Hormone: Aging and Skin
d. Chronic Stress and Sleep; Cortisol, Epinephrine, Aging, and Skin
e. Epinephrine and the Skin
f. Free Radicals, Sleep and Aging
5.8.13 Therapy
a. Insomnia
b. Non-medical Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
c. Sleep Hygiene
d. Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) and Aging
e. C-PAP Therapy
f. Oral Appliance Therapy (OAT)
Conclusion
Part 5.8.2
Epigenetic Orthodontics and Dento-Facial Orthopedics:
Non-surgical Facial Esthetic Therapy
|
|
|
|
|
|
|